Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in children in the community. Epidemiological data from the UK and Sweden suggest that 10% of girls and 3% of boys will have had an infection by 16 years of age. The majority are acute, isolated illnesses that resolve quickly, with no long-term implications for the patient. However, UTIs may be associated with underlying congenital abnormalities, and recurrent infections can lead to renal scarring. Failure to consider the diagnosis, or investigate appropriately following a diagnosis, may therefore result in long-term damage.  [With external links to the evidence base]